Recent questions in Sensors and Industrial Instrumentation

The magnetic flux density of an electromagnetic flowmeter is $100\;mWb/m^2$. The electrodes are wall-mounted inside the pipe having a diameter of $0.25\;m$. A voltage of ...

The junction semiconductor temperature sensor shown in the figure is used to measure the temperature of hot air. The output voltage $V_\circ$ is $2.1\;V$. The current out...

Quantum efficiency of a photodiode (ratio between the number of liberated electrons and the number of incident photons) is $0.75$ at $830\;nm$. Given Planck’s constant $h...

The most suitable pressure gauge to measure pressure in the range of $10^{-4}$ to $10^{-3}$ $\text{torr}$ is BellowsBarometerStrain gaugePirani gauge

The standard for long distance analog signal transmission in process control industry is $\text{4-20 mV}$$\text{0-20 mA}$$\text{4-20 mA}$$\text{0-5 V}$

The pressure drop across an orifice plate for a particular flow rate is $5\;Kg/m^2$. If the flow rate is doubled (within the operating range of the orifice), the correspo...

Thermocouples measure temperature based on Photoelectric effectSeebeck effectHall effectThermal expansion

Four strain gauges in a Wheatstone bridge configuration are connected to an instrumentation amplifier as shown in the figure. From the choices given below, the preferred ...

A differential capacitive sensor with a distance between the extreme plates $100\;mm$ is shown in figure below. The difference voltage $\Delta V=V_1-V_2,$ where $V_1$ and...

A piezoelectric transducer with sensitivity of 30 m V/kPa is intended to be used in the range of 0 kPa to 100 kPa. The readout circuit has a peak noise amplitude of 0.3 m...

A 100 W light source emits uniformly in all directions. A photodetector having a circular active area whose diameter is 2 cm is placed 1 m away from the source, normal to...

​​​​​​Four identical resistive strain gauge factor of 2.0 used in a wheatstone bridge as shown in the figure below. Only one of the strain gauges R${_S}{_E}{_N}{_S}{_E}$ ...

A peizo-electric type pressure sensor has a sensitivity of $\text{1 mV/kPa}$ and a bandwidth of $\text{300 Hz to 300 kHz.}$ For a constant (dc) pressure of $\text{100 kPa...

In the strain gauge bridge circuit given below, $R_1=R_3=\text{R(1-x)}$ and $R_2=R_4=\text{R(1+x)}$, where $R$ is $350\Omega$. The voltage sources $v_s$ and $v_n$ represe...

In the circuit below, the opamp is ideal and the sensor is an $RTD$ whose resistance $R_\theta=1000(1+0.004\;\theta)\Omega$, where $\theta$ is temperature in $^0C$. The o...

The photo diode in the figure below has an active sensing area of $10 \;mm^2,$ a sensitivity of $0.5\;A/W$ and a dark current of $1\; \mu A$. The $i-to-v$ converter has a...

A p-type semiconductor strain gauge has a nominal resistance of $1000\;\Omega$ and a gauge factor of $+200$ at $25\;^\circ C$. The resistance of the strain gauge in ohms ...

Liquid flow rate is measured usinga Pirani gaugea pyrometeran orifice platea Bourdon tube

The voltage $(E_0)$ developed across a glass electrode for $pH$ measurement is related to the temperature $(T)$ by the relation$E_0 \varpropto \frac{1}{T^2}$$E_0 \varprop...

An apparatus to capture $ECG$ signals has a filter followed by a data acquisition system. The filter best suited for this application islow pass with cutoff frequency $20...

The Seebeck coefficients, in $\mu V/^\circ C,$ for copper, constant an and iron, with respect to platinum, are $1.9, \:-38.3$ and $13.3$, respectively. The magnitude of t...

In the figure shown, $R_T$ represents a resistance temperature device $(RTD)$, whose characteristic is given by $R_T=R_\circ(1+\alpha T),$ where $R_\circ=100\: \Omega, \:...

A liquid level measurement system employing a radio-isotope is mounted on a tank as shown in the figure. The absorption coefficient of water for the radiation is $7.7 \;m...

The figure shows a spot of light of uniform intensity $50\;W/m^2$ and size $10\;mm\times10\;mm$ incident at the exact center of a photo-detector, comprising two identical...

Semiconductor strain gages typically have much higher gage factors than those of metallic strain gages, primarily due to:higher temperature sensitivityhigher Poisson’s ra...

For a rotameter, which one of the following statements is $TRUE$?the weight of the float is balanced by the buoyancy and the drag force acting on the floatthe velocity of...

In a time-of-flight mass spectrometer if $q$ is the charge and $m$ the mass of the ionized species, then the time of flight is proportional to$\frac{\sqrt m}{\sqrt q}$$\f...

A thermistor has a resistance of $1\;k\Omega$ at temperature $298\;K$ and $465\;\Omega$ at temperature $316\;K$. The temperature sensitivity in $K^{-1}[i.e(1/R)(dR/dT),$ ...

A barium titanate piezoelectric crystal with $d_{33}=150\;pC/N, C_{crystal}=25\;pF$ and $R_{crystal}=10^{10}\Omega$ is used to measure the amplitude of a step force. The ...

A transit time ultrasonic flowmeter uses a pair of ultrasonic transducers placed at $45^{\circ}$ angle, as shown in the figure.The inner diameter of the pipe is $0.5\;m$....

An image of the chest of a patient is taken with an $X-ray$ machine on a photographic film. The Hurter-Driffield (HD) curve of the film is shown in the figure. The highly...

A differential amplifier with signal terminals $X,Y,Z$ is connected as shown in Fig. (a) below for $CMRR$ measurement where the differential amplifier has an additional c...

A piezo-electric force sensor, connected by a cable to a voltage amplifier, has the following parameters:Crystal properties : Stiffness $10^9\;N/m,$ Damping ratio $0.01,$...

A piezo-electric force sensor, connected by a cable to a voltage amplifier, has the following parameters:Crystal properties : Stiffness $10^9\;N/m,$ Damping ratio $0.01,$...

A tungsten wire used in a constant current hot wire anemometer has the following parameters :Resistance at $0^\circ C$ is $10\Omega$, Surface area is $10^{-4}m^2$, Linear...

A tungsten wire used in a constant current hot wire anemometer has the following parameters :Resistance at $0^\circ C$ is $10\Omega$, Surface area is $10^{-4}m^2$, Linear...

An accelerometer has input range of $0$ to $10g$, natural frequency $30\; Hz$ and mass $0.001\;kg$. The range of the secondary displacement transducer in mm required to c...

The differential pressure transmitter of a flow meter using a venturi tube reads $2.5\times 10^5\;Pa$ for a flow rate of $0.5\;m^3/s$. The approximate flow rate in $m^3/s...

Match the following biomedical instrumentation techniques with their applications$\text{P-U, Q-V, R-X, S-W}$$\text{P-V, Q-U, R-X, S-W}$$\text{P-V, Q-W, R-U, S-X}$$\text{P...

The deflection profile $y(x)$ of a cantilever beam due to application of a point force $F$ (in Newton), as a function of distance $x$ from its base, is given by $y(x)=0.0...