Recent questions tagged communication-and-optical-instrumentation

The voltage $(E_0)$ developed across a glass electrode for $pH$ measurement is related to the temperature $(T)$ by the relation$E_0 \varpropto \frac{1}{T^2}$$E_0 \varprop...

A liquid level measurement system employing a radio-isotope is mounted on a tank as shown in the figure. The absorption coefficient of water for the radiation is $7.7 \;m...

The figure shows a spot of light of uniform intensity $50\;W/m^2$ and size $10\;mm\times10\;mm$ incident at the exact center of a photo-detector, comprising two identical...

The resolving power of a spectrometer consisting of a collimator, a grating and a telescope can be increased byincreasing the angular magnification of the telescopeincrea...

A full duplex binary $FSK$ transmission is made through a channel of bandwidth $10\;kHz$. In each direction of transmission the two carriers used for the two states are s...

A transit time ultrasonic flowmeter uses a pair of ultrasonic transducers placed at $45^{\circ}$ angle, as shown in the figure.The inner diameter of the pipe is $0.5\;m$....

A mixture contains two mutually inert solutions $’X’$ and $’Y’$ in equal volumes. The mixture is examined in a spectrophotometer using a cuvette. It is observed that the ...

Monochromatic light from a step index $(n_1=1.500;n_2=1.485),$ multimode optical fiber of core diameter $100\;\mu m$ is incident through air $(n=1.000)$ onto a linear pho...

An image of the chest of a patient is taken with an $X-ray$ machine on a photographic film. The Hurter-Driffield (HD) curve of the film is shown in the figure. The highly...

Measurement of optical absorption of a solution is disturbed by the additional stray light falling at the photo-detector. For estimation of the error caused by stray ligh...

Signals from fifteen thermocouples are multiplexed and each one is sampled once per second with a 16-bit $ADC$. The digital samples are converted by a parallel to serial...

Match the following biomedical instrumentation techniques with their applications$\text{P-U, Q-V, R-X, S-W}$$\text{P-V, Q-U, R-X, S-W}$$\text{P-V, Q-W, R-U, S-X}$$\text{P...

The double convex lens is used to couple a laser beam of diameter $5\;\text{mm}$ into an optical fiber with a numerical aperture of $0.5$. The minimum focal length of the...

The responsivity of the $\text{PIN}$ photodiode shown is $0.9\;A/W.$ To obtain $V_\text{out}$ of $-1\;\text{V}$ for an in optical power of $1\;\text{mW},$ the value of $R...

Light of wavelength $630\;\text{nm}$ in vacuum, falling normally on a biological specimen of thickness $10\;\mu\text{m}$, splits into two beams that are polarized at righ...

An $\text{LED}$ emitting at $1\;\mu\text{m}$ with a spectral width of $50\;\text{nm}$ is used in a Michelson interferometer. To obtain a sustained interference, the maxim...

A multi-mode optical fiber with a large core diameter has a core refractive index $n_1 = 1.5$ and cladding refractive index $n_2 = 1.4142.$ The maximum value of $\theta_A...

A Michelson Interferometer using a laser source of wavelength $\lambda_0 = 500\; nm$, with both the mirrors $(M_1$ & $M_2)$ fixed and positioned equidistant from the spl...

An optical pulse containing 6 x 10$^6$ photons is incident on a photodiode and 4.5 x 10$^6$ electron-hole pairs are created. The maximum possible quantum efficiency (in %...

An amplitude modulated signal is shown in the figure. The modulation index is(up to one decimal place) $\_\_\_\_\_$